Environmental impact assessment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4419 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Background 3.1 Introduction Environmental impact assessment, EIA have evolved rapidly in the past years, spurred by increasing number of regulations and legislations. This chapter provides a theoretical background of EIA process in order to establish the need for the focus of this research which deals with one of its preliminary steps, known as baseline. The chapter starts with an overview of the EIA, moves to its legislative requirement and main procedures then focuses on baseline environment; its establishment, need, placing it into the context of overall EIA process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental impact assessment" essay for you Create order This will highlight its roles and relationship with other EIA stages in order to expose its influence on the EIA process. 3.2 EIA Since the introduction of EIA over 3 decades in the United States, various countries have also included the EIA process in the planning development. EIA till date is generally recognised as key aspect of most large scales planning proposals. Numerous studies on EIA in UK and other parts of the world have also been develop and various authors have attempted to define this process; for several authors (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DETR, 2000; FoE 2005; Glasson et al., 2005; Jay and Handley, 2001; Weston, 2000; Weston, 2004; Wood, 2007). EIA is a procedure established to inform authorising bodies, planners and affected public about a proposed project and their likely effects. Likewise, Lawrence (2003) gave a broad definition of EIA process which he described as a systematic process of: Determining and managing (identifying, describing, measuring, predicting, interpreting integrating communicating, involving and controlling) the Potential or real impacts (direct and indirect, individual and cumulative, likelihood of occurrence) of Proposed (or existing) human actions (projects, plans, programmes, legislation activities and their alternatives on the Environment (physical, chemical, biological, ecological, human health, cultural, social, economic, built and interrelations). The definition of the environment outlined here is broad, comprising of various aspects of possible environmental components. This serves to highlight a wide environmental consideration by the EIA process. In simple word, EIA is the identification, assessment and management of the environmental effects/impacts that may arise from implementation of a proposed project which may significantly affect the natural man made environment. The benefits of EIA have been acknowledged and accepted by various researchers and also worldwide as an important environment decision making tool (IEMA, 2002; Wood, 2003) instituted for identifying and managing the significant impacts of development proposals (DLCG, 2006; IEMA, 2004; Jay et al., 2007; Petts, 1999; Weston, 2004). Accurately, EIA not only aims to controls impacts but may also contribute to planning decision making. 3.2.1 EIA required and steps 3.2.2 Legislation EIA process was derived from European law (Foe, 2005) and was formerly referred to as environmental assessment in UK. In both the UK and EU requirement for an EIA is set out in directive 85/337/EEC and the revised Directive 97/11/EC, and Directive 2003/35/EC 2007 implemented through a series of regulations. However, EIA regulation for planning projects in England and Wales are Town and country planning (assessment of environmental effects) Regulations 1988 and the subsequent 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 amendments. The directives main aim requires the competent authority for a particular project to acknowledge and centres his decision on likely significant effects of a project proposal on the environment. The EIA regulations applies to two lists of developments. It is required that for a specified list of project types (Annex 1) or for all projects under the schedule 1, EIA must be carried out. Other projects listed in Annex ii and iii may also require EIA depending on project location, ch aracteristics, size and also characteristics of potential impacts respectively. Hence, for projects under schedule two EIA will be carried out if and only if it exceeds the given thresholds i.e. if the development is likely to have a significant impact on the environment by virtue of its nature, size or location. The legislation requires the inclusion of the following; The likely significant effect, direct, indirect on the environment of the development explained by reference to its possible impact on the following environmental receptors): human beings, soil fauna water air climate, the landscape the interaction between any of the foregoing material assets and the cultural heritage. Competently, in a simple word EIA covers all types of impacts from development (Foe, 2005). However, EIA is not a straight forward project there are various stages in carrying out the EIA process and these contributes towards achieving the main aims of the EIA and purpose of its implementation. 3.2.3 EIA steps In accordance with UK legislation, it is the developer/proponent who has the main responsibility for managing the assessment process and producing EIA documents. The generic steps in EIA are divided into three: (a) preliminary assessment; this involves scoping, screening and baseline studies and (b) detailed assessment; impact analysis, mitigation and EIS presentation (c) follow up; monitoring and auditing (Morrison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Saunders and Arts, 2004). The process which involves a number of steps The process begins with identification of projects that require EIA often known as screening. A local planning authority decides if EIA is required in consultation with the applicant. Scoping follows, to investigate the necessary and significant information to be addressed while carrying out EIA. Consideration of alternatives to ensure that other possible approaches have been recognised including alternative project location site, scales, layouts, operating conditions and the no action option. Baseline studies to identify the environmental components in the proposed development site/ area. Impact prediction and assessment to enable identification and evaluation of impacts that may arise as a result of the project proposal. Mitigation measures are then established to avoid, minimise, remedy or compensate these effects. Monitoring measures are then proposed to oversee that these management plans are achieved. These information gathered, are then presented in an environmental statement. A review stage which involves logical evaluation of the quality of the ES. Public participation and Consultation is also incorporated into this process. As stated earlier that the regulation requires the assessment of significant effects of a proposed project in relation to the environmental receptors of a project the question is how the effects will be assessed? Or rather what is the requirement for assessment of the identified effects? The question tends to be answered in the following section. 3. 4 Baseline in EIA The term baseline was introduced in the environmental literature at same period as the conception of EIA process. Figure 2. illustrates how baseline fits into the EIA process. A number of literature publications (Canter, 1996; Glasson et al., 2005) have clearly defined and explained baseline concept and its role in EIA process; prominent points from literature which places the principles in context follows; 3.4.1 Definition A baseline study is an activity undertaken at an early stage in EIA and is integral to the EIA process. They are often referred to as the environmental setting, existing conditions, affected environment, and background environment, environmental conditions, environmental receptors, baseline data information (Canter, 1996; Eccleston, 2001; Shepherd, 2006). However, there is no universally accepted definition for baseline. Although it is often defined as in EIA context as the physical, chemical ,biological ,social ,economic, and cultural setting of an environment in which the proposed project is to be located, and where impacts might be expected to occur (Shepherd, 2006). They have also been defined as present and future environmental state of the proposed project site (Glasson et al., 2005). Accurately, they are compiled information concerning what the measure of the attributes would be (or is) prior to the activity at the project site. 3.4.2 Legal status and requirement of baseline in EIA Where does a baseline study fit into the broader picture in EIA? Treweek (1999) reports that nearly all legislation requires description of baseline condition. Theoretically, in terms of environment legislation, the legislation do not specifically refer to baseline studies; however, the need for it is a minimum requirement (schedule 4 part 11). The EIA directive requires the following: The data required to identify and assess the main effects which the development is likely to have on the environment (schedule 4, part 11,2) the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan and programme.(Annex 1, article 5 (1) (b) An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encountered during the compilation of the required information. (Annex 1, article 5(h). The data required to assess the effects of the development refers to baseline information. The likely evolution refers to the future environmental condition of a proposed project site. It is likely that there may be gaps or constraints encountered while gathering environmental information, clearly, an indication of limitation of the information generated is required. 3.4.3 Baseline topics Environmental disturbances may manifest a change of one or more receptors (i.e. water, air, soil, land etc) often refereed to as environmental resources (Eccleston, 2001). They also represent various environmental components that may be considered during the assessment stage. For instance if a flood channel is to be constructed and there are concerns about the effects on water resources, habitat and species due to widening of stream. The aim of baseline will be to determine the existing number of species, habitats, and water quality etc. However, there are no specific standard requirements on the number and type of environmental factors/ components that will be considered in description of environmental setting (Canter, 1996).The different environmental component that may be considered are established in table 1 below lists some of the environmental components that may be considered in outlining the baseline. 3.4.4 Method and techniques Different approaches can be used to identify an initial list of environmental factors relevance to a proposed project. Four common practical methods have been identified. Desk studies, filed surveys, modelling and consultation is all applicable methods to characterise the baseline environment (RPS, 2007). i) Site visits Site visits involves member of the study team to visit the proposed project location. This could provide familiarization with the area and enable more- effective understanding of the site and its environments and identification of the key issues (DCLG, 2006b). ii) Desk study Baseline studies are often initiated through desk studies to identify the key environmental components to be considered. This involves use of secondary data sources including published and unpublished sources. Appropriate data for describing the physical, chemical, biological cultural and socio economic environments can be obtained from reports and unpublished data from numerous regulatory agencies at local, state, regional and federal government levels. This may include information gathered directly during consultation, (RPS, 2007) such as information from statutory consultees (which includes environment agency, countryside agency, English heritage), non governmental organisations, local groups (e.g. local wildlife groups); local authorities (e.g. oxford city council) and environment websites and muliti agency geographical information for countryside agency (DLCG, 2006b). Thus, encouraging rapid compilation of variety of information which serves as a basis for baseline assessment. T he need for field survey may be identified at this stage. iii) Surveys Surveys involve a great range of technique, usually quantitative such as ecology and ambient noise survey or qualitative such as like water quality. Guidance and methodology for filed survey are often found from professional and statutory agencies. (DLCG, 2006b). Field survey is often used to identify baseline conditions and to compliment the desk study. Also the baseline survey for a specific EIA project will be dependent on the proposed project, site location and sensitivities. Concern should be given to any seasonal constraints for instance, some surveys are seasonally dependent or may be require a long duration to assess for instance summer and winter are considered for landscape survey and visual impact assessment, which may require photomontages and ecological survey of species which requires about one year to be established (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; DCLG, 2006b). Adequate time should be planned into the scheme for such surveys. However, its is important to note that all field surveys should be planned and implemented in a manner that can be repetitive before construction stage. iv) Professional knowledge, Expert opinion and key informants A good method of identifying environmental factors is to employ professional knowledge related to the expected impacts of specific types of projects (Canter, 1996). This may require consultation with a number of informants who have knowledge on existing condition of the site area, and may include representatives of special group, etc. Experts can also predict how a particular environmental component may react. An expert may determine how a specific habitat will react or develop. Survey can then be identified to compliment or support the experts opinion. 3.6 Establishment of baseline After the identification of key environmental factors, baseline assessment can be conducted in various ways. Canter (1996) established a framework on assessing baseline information presented in figure 3. The primary step includes identification of variety of environmental factors at the specific project site, whereby scoping/ selection technique may be applied to focus on the key issues. This selection stage is referred to as the central issue of the baseline approach. This is because, EIA is centred on significant issues hence the selection stage is required to scope out irrelevant environmental components. Baseline environment is very broad. Significance is the main theme for EIA. After which the identification of relevant existing data for the key selected factors will be applied. The preparation of description of the existing environment then follows. Glasson et al., (2005) also studied and attempted to develop a framework analysis of baseline. In this case each environmental, which after identification of a factor a statement of objective or purpose for selected factor is identified, then the required information is listed and the technique for assessment of the data follows and finally objective The approached developed could be appraised as it included the objective of the selected factors environmental factor. It is required that while identifying baseline a clear purpose should be identified (Knight 2009). In order, to justify the reason for selection. 3.4.6 Need for baseline Baseline is required for a variety of purposes and its often categorised into two major steps Lawrence (2003). Environmental overview at screening stage and scoping A more in depth environmental appraisal during impact assessment. Baseline could also be identified in the EIA process, whenever additional information is introduced into the assessment (Lawrence, 2003). It is however, important to note that baseline studies have a key role to play from the project initiation to final design and establishment of operational standards (Wathern, 1992). This perhaps implies that, baseline is not limited to one point in the assessment and may be incorporated into other EIA step. It is considered worthwhile to further explore baseline roles in the stages of EIA process 3.4.7 Relationship between baseline and other EIA steps Because it is identified as an initial step in the EIA process, its consideration may have an effect on the other EIA steps. Screening: During screening baseline is required in identification of valuable environmental resources which may indicate whether a proposal requires EIA or not. Scoping: Baseline is often incorporated into the scoping stage. Its been recognised that baseline studies using existing data and local knowledge are required for scoping ( FAO, 2005) and is also perceived as a scoping technique. As noted earlier, in establishment of baseline, scoping comes into place during the selection of significant environmental factor. Once significant issue have been identified the need for further in depth studies can be clearly identified and perhaps allows initiation of additional data collection. Moreover, scope and depth of the baseline studies is usually incorporated at pre project state and scoping stages during consultation with the local planning authority and consultees to deal with the seasonal effects on surveys (DCLG 2006b). Impact identification and assessment: This is the most significant stage of the EIA process which allows complete incorporation of all the selected baseline environment. Only by carefully and systematically describe the initial baseline environmental conditions is it possible to present an accurate and convincing picture of the likely effects that the development will have on its environment (Wood, 2003) and if deficient, conclusions made about impact significant may be questioned (Eccleston, 2001). Hence only by identifying the existing environmental factors/ components that entire impacts of a development would be assessed. Baseline therefore provide evidence of impacts assessed. Choice of alternatives: Baseline environment may also be considered during assessment of project alternatives. Alternatives seeks to identify a specific project site, location, materials and design by comparing environmental baseline of various options in order to select a more environmental friendly option. The most important aspect of various options considered is the do nothing scenario. In this case it is expected that the proposal would consider existing condition in absence of the project implemented and perhaps its possible future state. Hence, these future conditions are standards against which are compared projected future conditions of project alternatives. Clearly, This forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different alternatives are assessed (Environment Agency 2008; Shepherd, 2006) in order to predict what the state of the environment will look like if the project is to go ahead. Mitigation measures After impacts are predicted mitigation measures are identified in order to manage the impacts during project implementation. This may involve minimisation of, or prevention of impacts; compensation may occur when impacts cannot be avoided for instance by providing a new habitat or planting new trees in order to replace affected habitats, remediation, enhancement centred around developments and this may involve a development on contaminated land in order to improve the quality. Baseline therefore provides environmental components to assist in the establishment or mitigation measures (Lawrence, 2003) and is may also be used to assess the success of mitigation measures. Monitoring Monitoring is undertaken to establish information on description and functions of environmental variables. Baseline may also be required during monitoring (Lawrence 2003: 55, Morris and Therivel, 2009) as monitoring ensures assessment of changes of environmental parameters against baseline. Indeed, baseline, establish quality foundation for appraisal of post-EIA studies on the project site. Impact prediction and selection of alternatives are the main stages whereby baseline data is highly recommended. If key role of EIA process is to facilitate decision making, then impact prediction is necessary at that stage and the baseline information gathered serves as a basis for impact analysis. Nevertheless, it would be accepted that; baseline studies form backbone of component assessments (Morris and Therivel, 2009). Indeed, it is not limited to impact assessment but might take place during scoping, choice of alternatives, mitigation identification and monitoring accuracy and plausibility of much of the remainder of the EIA report depends upon it (Wood, 2003). 3.4.8 Problem associated with baseline studies There are many problems surrounding baseline assessment these problems are however mostly encountered in practice. As an initial step in EIA, baseline requires so much time and information and if not carefully carried out may affect the other steps in the EIA process. Problem with definition In development context baseline is one of the hardest words to define because of its broad meaning. In agreement, is Wathern (1992), who identified baseline studies as the least understood element of EIA, he emphasized that its definition as social, physical and biological environments which could be affected by the development project as the reason for most difficulties encountered with baseline studies. This is because in an attempt to describe the environment, various information are accumulated on general topics of water, air etc (Wathern 1992). This however focuses on available information and data rather than what is needed. The most evident inadequacy with this is that they fail to address the need of the project maker involved in project planning. The focus of baseline is thereby perceived as a major problem confronting EIA practitioners. Time and resources constraint: Both time and financial constraints maybe difficult to cope with. The developer often has to pay for these data. This step, frequently account for a lager part of the overall cost of EIA process (Wathern, 1992). Baseline studies require a whole lot of time hence delay on the project may arise and also as noted earlier, surveys are seasonally dependent. For instance, ecology data which usually requires about 12 months to establish. A case study review found that absence of existing air quality, noise and water quality, increased resources and delayed EIA project. (Andre et al., 2004). Data availability and quality: Recent research by Carroll and Turpin (2009) found that there is needs now to provide much more information than was than that required by the UK government in the 1980s. Hence, because of this great quantity of data required, data is not often available. It is also widely recognised that likely future evolution is difficult to predict as trends are not often available. Moreover, inadequate understanding of relative roles of baseline description (UNEP, 2004) may be perceived to be of great problem limiting its consideration in practice. 3.5 Critical review Even a cursory glance at recent writing on EIA shows that the issue of baseline in EIA is not a major focus for EIA practitioners and researchers. It was indicated in the literature that baseline is incorporated into EIA and plays an important role in the process. As well as being, intensive, and time consuming, an early initiation of the step would avoid delay in decision making. Apparently, theres no doubt that the assessment of baseline is important, impact assessment is considered the major objective of EIA process, baseline is important because it helps provide all the necessary data required for impact assessment. This has been the major role identified with baseline. Its relationship with other EIA steps such as post EIA studies, mitigation, and consideration of alternatives has been given limited attention. A great number of reports and articles on EIA process (DCLG 2006b; FAO, 2006; IEMA, 2002; Morrison Saunders and Arts, 2004) omit the baseline stage while outlining the key steps of EIA process although its often incorporated into scoping stage. In addition, the approach to baseline established by Canter (1996) could be criticised for not including a clear purpose of the selected environmental components as well as the baseline steps identified by Lawrence (2003) which failed to identify the likely evolution of baseline study while outlining its steps. Evidence till date, still suggests that lack of consideration of baseline especially the likely future evolution should be given more attention (Wood et al., 2007). This is very important as it forms a basis upon which the future environmental effects of different options are assessed. As a matter of fact, overall in depth study on baseline studies has been neglected. Except for the work of Wathern, 1992; Canter 1996; Glasson et al., 2005 theres has been little substantial investigation into this area. Although, several researchers (Carroll and Turpin, 2009; Wood 2003; Lawrence, 2003; Shepherd, 2006) ha ve reported significant gains of baseline in theory, only very few has reported its gains in practice. However, studies would have been more convincing if they had carried out more research on its general influence on fundamental purposes of EIA rather than restricting it to assessment of effects. This perhaps would expose its importance in outcome of EIA process. 3.6 Summary This chapter has addressed EIA and its preliminary step, baseline assessment. Placing baseline in the EIA legislative context. Although the directive did not specifically refer to baseline in EIA, it did refer to presentation of data used to assess potential impacts, limitations of information gathered and likely future condition of the existing environment. The discussion has outlined baseline relationship with other EIA steps in detail, with particular focus on its benefits to the process. It revealed that importance of baseline depends on the stage of the EIA they are used. The main benefits attached to baseline studies include its support for impacts assessment. Different approach are used in establish baseline information. Although it is acknowledge that baseline environment is broad, input from scoping consultation can help in identifying the key environmental components and therefore scope out any irrelevant issues. However issues such as definition, cost, and resource and tim e constraint surrounding EIA processes have been identified with baseline. Good practice and future directions have been addresses far less. It seems that theory is fairly clear while practice is still rather misty. Literature could also be criticised for limited investigation into this area. The following chapter tries to establish in detail the first stage of the methodology which requires establishment of good quality baseline and also effectiveness of the EIA in order to examine the former influence on the later. Screening: a process deciding if EIA is required or not by limiting the application of EIA to specific projects that could develop significant environmental impacts Definitions of key terms Scoping: process identifying the key /important environmental issues at an early stage Description of project and alternatives: includes a clear purpose of proposed project and also an understanding of its various characteristics. Identification of impacts ensuring that all potentially significant environmental impacts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.are identified and considered. Impact prediction: identifies the magnitude and other dimensions of identified change in the environment with a project. Evaluation and assessment of significance of impacts: assesses the significance of the predicted impacts to allow a focus on the precise adverse impacts. Mitigation measures: explores measures to avoid reduce remedy or compensate for any significant adverse impacts Consultation: involve s both statutory and non statutory interested bodies members of the public consulted during the EIA process. aim to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA and that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration Evaluation: Evaluation is a term much used in planning and policy for the generic process of gathering structuring analysing and appraising information. Evaluation explicitly involves value judgements. It often relates to subjective policy oriented judgements rather than purely scientific and technical analysis.( Arts et al 2001). Monitoring: collection of data on a range of specific environmental variables. Mitigation: includes the three keys avoiding, reduce and remedying the potential significant adverse impacts avoiding Environmental statement: report where the EIA is documented. Seen as a vital step in the EIA process Review of ES: involves a systematic appraisal of the quality of the ES. Decision making: requires the consideration of the development by the planning /relevant authority Guidance: usually produced and issued by the responsible EIA administrative or expert body and should provide clear and authoritative interpretation of the actions to be taken and by whom.(UNEP 2004) Post-decision audits involves the recording of outcomes associated with development impacts. Developer: also known as proponent, petitioner, and initiator. The applicant for authorization for a private project or the public authority which initiates a project ( European commission 2001) Effect/impact: Any change in the physical, natural, or cultural environment brought about by a development project. Effect and impact are used interchangeably. Audit of predictions and mitigation: may involve comparing actual outcomes withy that of the predicted Competent authority: those which the member state selected and assumed the responsibility for performing the duties arising from the directive.(European Commission, 2001) Project the execution of construction works or other installations or schemes and other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources. (European Commission, 2001).

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Freedom from Reality

In Mark Twain’s, Huck Finn, Huck seeks to escape oppression from his father and manages to fake his own death and run away. Just after his escape, Huck meets Jim, a familiar runaway slave to who he regretfully decides to help. Along their journey they travel down the Mississippi River which comes to serve as an asylum away from the influences of society. While the river initially appears to offer freedom from the wrongs of society, it ironically brings them closer towards the oppression of southern society. Initially the river offers Huck and Jim physical and mental liberation from society. Searching for freedom, Huck and Jim learn that they need to use the river as their path to freedom. On the river, they find beauty,†¦show more content†¦As a result, this event also brings Huck closer towards honoring Jim’s rights as a human being. Huck’s adventure down the river is very similar to one of Tom’s adventures in that it offers a false sense of freedom from society. Tom, a seemingly rebel character, pretends to fight society at all cost. His adventures, however, are all imaginary and ironically in reality he is quite happy with the society in which he lives. To Huck, Tom represents an adventurous spirit, which similarly the river offers. The idea of isolation from society and freedom from reality offers another parallel between Tom and the river. Both Tom and the river bring Huck into a world of his own. This allows them to challenge society on the outside, but also makes them lose sight of what their goal is. As we see near the end of the novel, Huck turns to Tom for a path to freedom for Jim. Tom’s failure to bring Jim to safety shows how losing sight of reality causes Jim to be captured. Knowing that Jim is free, Tom decides not to tell Huck and create an adventure to save Jim. This ref usal in some ways parallels the needlessness of Huck and Jim’s adventure down the river. Heading down the river, Jim knows all along that Huck’s father is dead. However, he still refuses to tell Huck that he is free from the abuse and oppression of his father, just like how Tom refuses to tell Jim that he is free from the abuse and oppression of slavery. Overall, Huck’s journey down the river opens his eyesShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJhonatan Zambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. 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Capital analysis of Dave Solomon

Question: Discuss about the Capital analysis of Dave Solomon. Answer: General Analysis The difference between capital proceeding and cost of acquisition is mainly known as capital gain in financial system. There are three methods available for the calculating of capital gain. First one is Discount method which is only applicable where there is time of more that twelve months available for capital gain tax system. The second method is known as Indexation method which is applicable when assets acquisition done before 21st September and held for more than twelve month. The third and last one is residual method, this applicable for when assets are held for less than 12 month. Therefore, capital gain or loss will be calculated by applying these three methods. (Ato.gov.au, 2016) These are the list of exemption from Capital gain on sale of assets. The property acquired before 20th September 1985 which are Selling of family house which is residential Reimbursement of amount due to particular illness or injury Motor Vehicle Any assents which is cost is less than $ 500 Waiving of carry forward of losses arising from capital gain in Assets Capital loss in long term: It is very peculiar method is that the long term capital loss can be settled only against long term capital gain, in this regards no other set off is possible. It can be carried forward to subsequent assessment year and can be settled only against Long term capital loss. Capita loss in short term Short term capital loss can be settled against long term capital gain of assets. It can be carried forward to subsequent indefinite Assessment Years and set off against both short term Gain and long term gain. Anslysis (i) As given in case study, Mr. Dave Solomon use to live his two story building for last 30 years in now on sale, He purchased this assets for $ 70,000, and selling it for $ 8,50,000 on the stated date of 27th June of the present Tax year. The resident was originally sold through auction and buyer of this building paid $ 85,000 as advance money against purchase. But after advance money the buyer did not have enough money to pay the rest of the amount, therefore, advance money was forfeited. Hence, this $ 85000 received is assigned to the head of Income from other sources. Capital gain calculation The capital gain can be calculated as follows Sale payment $8, 65,000 It is exempted under the definition of CST I.E Family home exemption .. Therefore, long term capital gain Nil Analysis (ii) A painting of pro hart, the date of purchase was 20th September, 1985 for $ 15,000 was finally sold for $ 1, 25, 000 The capital gain in this transaction Payment of Sale $ 1, 25,000 Less: indexed cost of acquisition 15000*123.4/71.3 $ 25,961 Therefore, long term capital gain $ 150,961 Analysis (iii) a luxury motor cruiser which was purchased in late 2004 for $ 1, 10,000 was sold on 1st June of the current year to local boat broker for $ 60, 000 Therefore, capital gain of this item Sales proceeds $ 60,000 Less: Indexed cost of acquisition $ 1, 10,000 .. So long term capital loss $ 50, 000 Analysis (iv) as given in question, the sale of parcel of share occurred which is newly listed mining company on 5th of June of the current year for $ 80,000. He purchased these shares on 10th January of the current year for $ 75,000. To purchase these shares he borrowed a loan of $ 70,000 and paid interest on the loan of $5,000. He also paid $750 as brokerage for sale of the shares and $250 in stamp duty for purchase of share. As per income tax law, interest on loan is not a part of cost of acquisition. Hence interest on loan has not been included (Jin, 2016). Solution (1a) Therefore, capital gain can be calculated as: Sale proceed $ 80,000 Less: Brokerage $ 750 Less: cost of acquisition $75,000 Less: stamp duty $250 Short term loss in capital $ 4,000 Calculation of Capital gain can be done as Sale of residential property (Long term) $ Nil Sale of painting (Long term) $ 1, 50,961 Loss in sale of boat (Long term) $ 50, 000 Sale of share (Short term) $ 4, 000 .. Long term capital gain $ 1, 04,961 As per given detail, tax return of Mr. Dave for shows that capital loss of $ 10,000 from the sale of shares, therefore, this can be adjusted with current year long term capital gain Therefore, Net Capital gain in long term = $ 1, 04,961 - $10,000 = $ 94,961 Solution (1b) As we all know that, the net Capital gain is the sum of all grain arrived from sale from sale of capital asset, in this all losses of the capital assets is subtracted which also included loss on sale of capita from previous year as well. In other words the tax on capital gain is same tax. The formation of capital gain assets is a type of assessable income of an assessed and therefor, tax should be paid on gain arising on sale of capital asset in the relevant income year in which sale took place. So, it is clear that, Mr. Dave gain on sale of assets in the same income year in which sale took place. Therefore, Mr. Dove has earned gain on sale of asset. As a result he can contribute fund to his personal superannuation fund. Mr. Dove has to maintain relevant records when some important and major transaction took place which includes, Interest on loans, Purchase receipts, Expense paid in regards to litigation fees, legal fees etc. Records regarding repairs and maintenance of assets and re cords of brokerage paid on shares (delisted 2016). Solution (1c) As per the above capital analysis, Net loss in capital is summation of all loss arrived from sale of capital asset which includes loss from previous year, as per rule stated in part 1 Assesse cannot set off his capital loss from other source of income but should carry forward for subsequent years and deduct it from capital gain arrived in subsequent years. Capital loss can be carry forward for indefinite periods. A assesse does not have the right to choose not to set off capital losses against any capital gain however they can deduct such loss as per their choice with capital gain. If Dave does not have a positive capital gain, he shall sell more of his assets or acquire loan so that he can contribute to his personal superannuation fund and then buy a rented city apartment and withdraw tax free amount from his personal superannuation fund once he attains the age of 60 in august of next year. (learn.nab.com, 2016) References Costantini, P. 2006,Cash return on capital invested. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Reid, G. 1998.Venture capital investment. London: Routledge. Vataliya, K. 2008.Management of working capital. Jaipur, India: Paradise Publishers. Global Property Guide. 2016.Australia capital gains tax rates, and property income tax. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Taxes-and-Costs. [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Jin, L., n.d. Capital Gain Tax Overhang and Price Pressure.SSRN Electronic Journal. T., J., 1959. Capital Gain.Science, 129(3363), pp.1583-1583. The taxation of capital gains. 2016.The taxation of capital gains. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.taxpayer.com.au/KnowledgeBase/10080/Individuals-Tax-Super/Capital_gains. [Accessed 19 May 2016] J., 2011.Tax for Australians for dummies. Richmond, Vic.: John Wiley Sons Australia. Capital gains tax | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Capital gains tax. [Canberra]: Australian Taxation Office. Calculating Capital Gains Tax - the basics for Australian investors | deListed Australia. [online] Delisted.com.au. Available at: https://www.delisted.com.au/capital-gains-tax/basics [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Calculating and paying capital gains tax. [online] Help and guidance. Available at: https://learn.nab.com.au/calculating-and-paying-capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016].

Writing A Process Analysis Essay - Topics and Example

Students panic at the sight of different essays. They get overwhelmed just by looking at the strange names of different types of essays. If you are facing the same situation because you got assigned a process analysis essay and don’t know what it is then you are at the right place. Essay writing sure sounds like a complicated task, but with the help of this step-by-step guide we aim to make it much easier to understand and craft. Quick Links 1. What is a Process Analysis Essay? 2. How to Write a Process Analysis Essay? 3. Choosing A Topic 3.1 Process Analysis Essay Topics 4. Process Analysis Essay Structure 4.1 Process Analysis Essay Example (PDf) 4.2 Process Analysis Essay Template (PDF) 1. What is a Process Analysis Essay? A process analysis essay is a simple piece of writing that answers how to and what questions. In other words, it what a particular thing or task is and how is it done? Process analysis essay is a type of expository essays, where the aim is to inform the reader about each step of the process at hand. Explain the process in such a way that even the most difficult task is easy to understand and perform. Here is a blog that will help you understand writing an expository essay in a better way. Think of writing a process analysis paper as writing a recipe, where you point out all the required ingredients with the directions telling what to do at each step. Remember that the steps describing how a certain process takes place must always be presented in a sequential order. 2. How to Write a Process Analysis Essay? Process essay writing isn't as difficult as it sounds. All you need to show is how a certain action or process is done. Simply describe and explain the steps involved and you are good to go. The first step of writing a process essay is to have a topic to write on. You can't explain how something is done when you don't know what it is, can you? You can even craft a process essay on the topic How to write a process essay? How interesting is that? However, we have a list of some interesting topics that will help you write an informative essay. 3. Choosing A Topic Most high school or college teachers leave the job of finding the essay topic with the students. If you have the liberty to choose your desired topic then keep the following points in mind: Go for a topic you are well aware of Keep your reader's interest in mind Narrow your focus Use words to explain the process instead of pictures The topic must be relevant to your subject 3.1 Process Analysis Essay Topics Here are a few topic ideas to get you started: How can the citizens prevent civil wars from taking place? How can an addict let go of harmful addictions with the help of meditation? How to survive College living on a tight budget? How can one apply for College abroad? How can we survive recession if governments work together? How do Muslims pray? How can one become a millionaire by the age of 30? How to prepare for a College admission interview? Explain how our immune system works to protect the human body. Explain the role of semantic memory in psychoanalysis. 4. Process Analysis Essay Structure In order to start a process essay logically it is suggested that you follow a defined outline or structure. Similar to other types of papers, a process essay structure also comprises an introduction, body and conclusion. The only different elements here are the body paragraphs, where you don't need to present a claim and support it with evidence. You don't have to look up facts or evidence to prove your point as all you are stating is a simple direction. Introduction Introduce your main topic in a few words. Describe the purpose of the process. Briefly explain why this process is useful and worth learning. Describe the risks or side effects as well as the expected results if the steps are followed correctly. Body Divide the entire process into different steps. Present each step in a separate paragraph. Use transitional words to move from one paragraph to another smoothly. Adopt a descriptive writing style. Conclusion Summarize the overall steps of the process. Don't repeat the instructions or ingredients. Highlight the main stages. Give some notes or pointers if needed. Explain the results. 4.1 Process Analysis Essay Example 4.2 Process Analysis Essay Template Get Professional Help We hope that you were able to understand process analysis essays a little better with the help of this guide. If you are stick stuck or need some professional assistance with your essay, our expert essay writers are available to lend a helping hand. Reach out to us today and get a perfectly crafted, A-grade worthy process essay!

Process of Meeting New People in a Small Group Experience Essays

Process of Meeting New People in a Small Group Experience Essays Process of Meeting New People in a Small Group Experience Essay Process of Meeting New People in a Small Group Experience Essay Procedure of Meeting New People in a Small Group Experience Meeting new people will arouse assorted responses. The scope of possible responses can be predicted by or explained utilizing a figure of sociological theories. This paper explains the procedure of run intoing new people in little group point from the positions of the undermentioned theoretical constructs: ( a ) Tamotsu Shibutani’s symbolic interaction theory, Scheff’s theory of emotional distancing, Marshall Rosenburg and Abraham Maslow’s constructs of basic demands and Erving Goffman’s feeling direction theories. Given the alone focal point of each of the theories above, the survey explores them in bend.Tamotsu Shibutani’s Symbolic Interaction Theory Symbolic interaction theory holds that worlds will be given to move towards things that bear some significances to them. The significance or significance of such things are derived from one’s societal experiences and societal interaction with others, as modified by one’s readings and perceptual experience ( Becker A ; McCall, 2009 ) . In the context of a little group, an person will be more inclined to fall in the group if members of the group have some significance or engage in the activity of significance to the person. In this instance, there will be an urge to portion individuality or prosecute in affairs of common involvements ( Becker A ; McCall, 2009 ) . If the single members of the group present themselves as conveying together members of common religion, so the expectedness of religion will ensue into a positive perceptual experience that the group is of high value, provided the mention group of the connection member are those who claim to be spiritual. The g roup s members will necessitate to exhibit conformity with the norms acceptable to the faith-based group, because it is the values of the faith in inquiry that will bond ( consummate ) the person to the group. The individuals’ positions will every bit count, as it shapes the reading the single gives to the Acts of the Apostless of single group members. Tom Scheff: Theory of Emotional Distancing The theory of emotional distancing suggests that the basic emotions that one exhibits towards a relationship spouse will find the behavior of the spouse and find the relationship distance with the spouse ( Scheff et al. , 2002 ) . Where one meets new people in a little group, the person will be given to pull closer ( maintain near relationship distance ) with the persons who exhibits emotions that build the single public assistance. Such emotions include felicity, friendliness, joy among others. The emotions are likely to trip fond regard to the specific persons and the group. On the other manus, the person will be given to maintain off from the group members who exhibit to the single emotions that potentially amendss the single public assistance. Such emotions include fright, choler, hatred, shame, disapproval among others ( Scheff et al. , 2002 ) . Hatred, shame, disapproval and choler, for case, endanger one’s individuality and would do the single perceive as being bastard and unwelcomed.As a defense mechanism mechanism, an person may be detached or rebel from the persons exhibiting the baleful emotions. The distance between the person and the group as a whole is besides capable to the same form of fond regard and withdrawal. That is, where the group shows emotion that Fosters one’s public assistance, the person will be more affiliated to the group. However, emotions damaging a group member’s behavior will arouse withdrawal and rebellion from the group ( Scheff et al. , 2002 ) . Marshall Rosenburg and Abraham Maslow Theory of Needs Basic demand theories, like those postulated by Rosenburg and Maslow, suggest that human demands are the indispensable motive for all behaviors. As such, persons are likely to keep on to a relationship if such a relationship promotes meeting of their demands. Maslow identifies the love and sense of belonging as critical constituents of human demands, which persons are likely to prosecute ( Boeree, 2006 ) . Persons are hence expected to be more affiliated to the group if members of the groups show the single love and a sense of belonging. However, isolation or favoritism an person from the group is likely to trip a feeling that one does non belong to the group, therefore arousing withdrawal. Alternatively, the person may try to look for an alternate group that would run into the individual’s needs for love, attending and sense of belonging. Other interpersonal demands, which if achieved will do an single satisfied and hence more affiliated to the group include credence, grasp, love, honestness, regard, support, trust apprehension, consideration, community among others ( Marshall, 2001 ) . When the group fail to run into these demands, person will experience disgruntled with the group and finally detach oneself from the group. Alternatively, they may place with a subdivision of the group that meet the demands. Erving Goffman’s Impression Management Harmonizing to Erving Goffman’s feeling direction ( IM ) theory, persons or groups may pull strings the perceptual experience of others by picturing an feeling that will arouse the coveted end ( Solomon, Solomon, Joseph, A ; Norton, 2013 ) . The feeling will so look to the mark audience as the world and will last until such a clip that the person or group win in or fails to vibrate with the group. When a lazy and chesty member joins a little group, the person may dress neatly and talk with courtesy to make an feeling that the individual is good organized and mannered. Sometimes, they may suggest at how good connected they are, to give an feeling of how resourceful they are. These will represent look behavior that earns them admittance to the group on history of the feeling created ( Solomon et al. , 2013 ) . Once an insider and have got used to the members, or is non welcomed wholly, the same individual may now speak impolitely or non care much about their garbs. This constit utes offstage behavior. The audience here are the group members, and the histrion is single. Decision To reason, assorted theoretical point of views have a different anticipation of how single will react in a little group puting. Overall, interpersonal relationship among the group members and the group every bit good as feelings created are some of the chief forecasters of behaviors in a little group puting. Mentions Aksan, N. , KAÂ ±sac, B. , AydAÂ ±n, M. , A ; Demirbuken, S. ( 2009 ) . Symbolic interaction theory.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,1( 1 ) , 902-904.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042809001633 Becker, H. S. , A ; McCall, M. M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2009 ) .Symbolic interaction A ; cultural surveies. Chicag. University of Chicago Press.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.co.ke/books? hl=en A ; lr= A ; id=EgDM_zn7EZYC A ; oi=fnd A ; pg=PP2 A ; ots=lkrdUPLJp1 A ; sig=mI-PrBO7U-jVr9lwnzrskgos2c0 A ; redir_esc=y # v=onepage A ; q A ; f=false Boeree, C. G. ( 2006 ) .Abraham Maslow. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lake.k12.fl.us/cms/lib05/FL01000799/Centricity/Domain/3306/Abraham_Maslow.pdf Marshall, S. K. ( 2001 ) . Do I affair! Construct proof striplings perceived mattering parents and friends.Journal of adolescence,24( 4 ) , 473-490. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.researchgate.net/profile/Sheila_Marshall/publication/222855213_Do_I_Matter_Construct_validation_of_adolescents_perceived_mattering_to_parents_and_friends/links/00b7d51b63539337a5000000.pdf Scheff, T. , Stanko, E. A. , Wouters, C. , A ; Katz, J. ( 2002 ) . How Emotions Work.Theoretical Criminology,6( 3 ) , 361-380.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //tcr.sagepub.com/content/6/3/361.short Solomon, J. Solomon, , Joseph, N. L. , A ; Norton, S. D. ( 2013 ) . Impression direction, creative activity and fiction in societal and environmental coverage: Penetrations from Erving Goffman.Accounting, organisations society,38( 3 ) , 195-213. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2681/1/WRAP_Spencer_oatey_073125-cal-290110-spencer-oatey_jop07.pdf .

Resource Distribution and its Consequences

Resource Distribution and its Consequences Resources are materials found in the environment that humans use for food, fuel, clothing, and shelter. These include water, soil, minerals, vegetation, animals, air, and sunlight. People require resources to survive and thrive. How are Resources Distributed and Why? Resource distribution refers to the geographic occurrence or spatial arrangement of resources on earth. In other words, where resources are located. Any particular place may be rich in the resources people desire and poor in others. Low latitudes (latitudes close to the equator) receive more of the suns energy and much precipitation, while higher latitudes (latitudes closer to the poles) receive less of the suns energy and too little precipitation. The temperate deciduous forest biome provides a more moderate climate, along with fertile soil, timber, and abundant wildlife. The plains offer flat landscapes and fertile soil for growing crops, while steep mountains and dry deserts are more challenging. Metallic minerals are most abundant in areas with strong tectonic activity, while fossil fuels are found in rocks formed by deposition (sedimentary rocks). These are just a few of the differences in the environment that result from different natural conditions. As a result, resources are distributed unevenly across the globe. What Are The Consequences of Uneven Resource Distribution? Human settlement and population distribution. People tend to settle and cluster in places that have the resources they need to survive and thrive. The geographic factors that most influence where humans settle are water, soil, vegetation, climate, and landscape. Because South America, Africa, and Australia have fewer of these geographic advantages, they have smaller populations than North America, Europe, and Asia. Human migration. Large groups of people often migrate (move) to a place that has the resources they need or want and migrate away from a place that lacks the resources they need. The Trail of Tears, Westward Movement, and the Gold Rush are examples of historical migrations related to the desire for land and mineral resources. Economic activities in a region related to the resources in that region. Economic activities that are directly related to resources include farming, fishing, ranching, timber processing, oil and gas production, mining, and tourism. Trade. Countries may not have the resources that are important to them, but trade enables them to acquire those resources from places that do. Japan is a country with very limited natural resources, and yet is one of the richest countries in Asia. Sony, Nintendo, Canon, Toyota, Honda, Sharp, Sanyo, Nissan are successful Japanese corporations that make products that are highly-desired in other countries. As a result of trade, Japan has enough wealth to buy the resources it needs. Conquest, conflict, and war. Many historical and present-day conflicts involve nations trying to control resource-rich territories. For example, the desire for diamond and oil resources has been the root of many armed conflicts in Africa. Wealth and quality of life. The well-being and wealth of a place are determined by the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people in that place. This measure is known as the standard of living. Because natural resources are a key component of goods and services, the standard of living also gives us an idea of how many resources the people in a place have. It is important to understand that while resources are VERY important, it is not the presence of or lack of natural resources within a country that makes a country prosperous. In fact, some of the wealthier countries lack natural resources, while many poorer countries have abundant natural resources! So what do wealth and prosperity depend on? Wealth and prosperity depend on: (1) what resources a country has access to (what resources they can get or end up with) and (2) what the country does with them (the efforts and skills of workers and the technology available for making the most of those resources). How has Industrialization Led to a Redistribution of Resources and Wealth? As nations began to industrialize in the late 19th century, their demand for resources increased and imperialism was the way they got them. Imperialism involved a stronger nation taking complete control of a weaker nation. Imperialists exploited and profited from the abundant natural resources of the acquired territories. Imperialism led to a major redistribution of world resources from Latin America, Africa and Asia to Europe, Japan, and the United States. This is how industrialized nations came to control and profit from most of the worlds resources. Since citizens of the industrialized nations of Europe, Japan, and the United States have access to so many goods and services, that means they consume more of the worlds resources (about 70%) and enjoy a higher standard of living and most of the worlds wealth (about 80%). Citizens of non-industrialized countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia control and consume far fewer of the resources they need for survival and well-being. As a result, their lives are characterized by poverty  and a low standard of living. This unequal distribution of resources, the legacy of imperialism, is the result of human rather than natural conditions.

Economics of Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics of Strategy - Essay Example As the service producing industries in US account for 81 percent of all private sector payrolls, economic growth in the sector can be a boost for the investments in credit. However, as the extent of the credit market impact is not clear, the investments in credit business may result in attracting higher interests for home loan customers or credits being tightened. The overall consumer spending that will be a result of steady gains in jobs and incomes can neutralize the impact of subprime debacle. However, the tight credit may not affect the household sector also as long as labor markets are strong. As service sector companies are adding new workers, the gains in payrolls are a suggestion for the expanding of the operations that supports the household spending. 1 The economy and profitability of economic organizations depend on the transaction costs. In that aspect, the subprime lending is a good opportunity for economic organizations, but the debacle has led the organizations to face the losses. The internal structure, working nature and policy of the economic organizations decide the cost and nature of transactions. As a result, transaction cost economics by Coase decides the structure of the organization and working relations between departments in an economic organization. ... The afore-mentioned costs depend on the organization of transactions. The efficiency of organization and profitability increases by decreasing the transaction costs and increasing the returns. The first type of costs are the costs coupled with markets that are result of bargaining of independent agents. However, the afore-mentioned have least affect on sub-prime market as they charge higher interest rates from comparatively lower income class. The significant problem in this market is about risk involved in repayment of the loan advanced to the customers. The afore-mentioned problem arises from the second type of costs that incur due to the decisions of the individuals in the company manage to influence decisions for their personal benefits. Minimizing the afore-mentioned second type of costs is very difficult in any type of economic organization, as opposing the decisions is possible only with managing influence costs within the organization. In general, there is not much care taken about internal workings of an economic organization. 2 However, investing in subprime market on a large scale is a decision of internal working and the extent of investment should depend on the economic growth. Many organizations have invested (advanced loans on lesser security) in subprime market, while in a period when the economy is in recession or not recording remarkable growth. The theory of markets controlled by impersonal forces is useful in managing the influence costs within the management, as the managers, who influence the decision of the firm have to take into consideration the market conditions and probable changes in near future. The near future mentioned above should be nearer to the time that

Introduction to Indigenous Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Indigenous Australia - Essay Example Religious men referred to Aborigines as immoral, unfit to be in any divine presence and that they were in the same level as brutes. The opinions of scientists were by far the crudest of them all. Scientists classified Aborigines based on the blood types and brain functioning as if they were some animal that needed to be analyzed for further understanding. They further said that aborigines were more of apes that the human race. Learned people looked into the life of Aborigines with contempt and disregard. They claimed that Aboriginal people were adept at making poor judgments and thus needed direction to make sound decisions (Dodson, 2003). These were particularly nasty perspectives and Dodson seeks to review them with a critical eye. He says that these early settlers do not know the Aborigines and so they are not in a position to refer to them in any way. According to him, these early settlers should have a firsthand experience with the Aboriginal people before judging them. This pap er will try to review Dodson’s perspective of Aboriginality critically with the aim of understanding his perspective of the issue. Dodson shows his concern for the colonizers being obsessed with the aborigines and aboriginality. These colonizers have made it their passion to look into the aborigines and also labeling them all kinds of this they deem fit. Dodson concern is seen when he notes that colonizers have made aboriginality seem like a mystery to be solved. He says that there are cases where aborigines have been referred to half bloods, full blood, hybrids, real and inauthentic. At some point, there was a suggestion that for one to be a legitimate aborigine, then he was to have more than 50% of aboriginal blood. His concern is also seen when he speaks of how aborigines were initially considered heroes. He then this compared to how they are being ridiculed today by artists in films and other artworks. According to Ethnologists, there was a need to rescue the aborigines f rom their wayward animalistic behaviors. The aborigines were considered cannibals, savages and infanticides. They are also known to be vulnerable just like the other lesser races in the world. This is strongly contested as these aborigines are seen to be out of control of the fact that they are in their â€Å"twilight† days. Aboriginal people are voiceless in the society as no one has given a chance to speak for themselves. It is saddening that people do not give an ear to the Aboriginal people. The arguments the early settlers pass are based on narratives from early settlers who were biased. The biases of the colonizers are seen in their obsession to brand aborigines as a lesser race com pared to the other races. A study by the United Nation aimed at unearthing the issue of discrimination that was faced by the aborigines and other indigenous groups that were considered on the verge of extinction. The indigenous community was given legitimacy based on the race, dressing, ance stry, as well as, dialect. In cultures across the world indigenous people are considered marginalized, backward, illiterate, and with an archaic mode of speech. These indigenous groups have been objectified in the eyes of the early settlers. The United Nation report emphasized the need to allow an indigenous community to decide whom they wanted to be part of their community. The report further emphasizes the need for an indigenous group having their own definition of whom they are thereby giving all the other â€Å"fake† definitions a cold shoulder. It is their responsibility

Pledge of Allegiance in School Essay Example for Free

Pledge of Allegiance in School Essay Pledge of Allegiance in School My choice of writing for the Rogerian essay is on the topic of the Pledge of Allegiance in School. â€Å"In a decision that stunned the nation, a federal appeals court in June ruled that reciting the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools is unconstitutional because the pledge contains the words under God â€Å" (Chmielewski). The banning of the Pledge of Allegiance is a very large controversial topic because one side believes that while the foundation of our country is religion, the other side believes that the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance is an infringement on our First Amendment right. The Pledge of Allegiance began in 1892. It was a way of showing a sense of celebration for being an American. Since 1892 the â€Å"Pledge† has been changed four times, and in 1954 the words â€Å"under God† were added (Chmielewski). A cause of the Pledge of Allegiance being banned from school is mostly because of these two words â€Å"under God†. An Atheist by the name, Newdow, filed the claim against the pledge because he did not want his second grade daughter pressured into saying something that he does not believe (Chmielewski). I believe that this topic has quite a bit of historic meaning because it basis is on our historical beginning. I think that because the times of our country and have changed so much, in that, religion is not just based on Christianity for our country anymore, it does way on peoples mind. I would like to show in this essay that the Pledge of Allegiance is an important part, not just in our schools, but in our nation. My research on this is going to be a bit strenuous. There are so many articles about court proceedings and individual states that it might be difficult to find a common ground. Most of what I have read has just been the individual states versus the Supreme Court or, as in the case above, the Nine District Court. I have read articles from Massachusetts, California, Washington, and Nevada, to name a few. Most of the articles also are very one sided. Meaning that the author shows what the problem in question is and then turns the article to what they believe.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations As part of my GCSE coursework I have been asked to analyse the novel ‘Great Expectations’ by Charles Dickens and show how Dickens creates sympathy towards the young character Pip in the extract. Dickens starts the extract by revealing the gloomy and oppressive atmosphere in the residence of Miss Havisham. When Pip arrives at the house of Miss Havisham there is an atmosphere of gloominess which creates sympathy for Pip. ‘No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it’. Pip feels very insecure because he is a young boy in a strange and unfamiliar environment. He is moreover now in the presence of upper class. This also creates sympathy because Pip is from the lower classes and must face the difficulties to unfold with Estella and Miss Havisham. Everything in the house is covered in dust and all the clocks have stopped. Miss Havisham, the upper class lady of the house is dressed in ‘satins, and lace, and silks - all of white’. Everything in this house was once white a long, long time ago but ‘had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow’. This image of Miss Havisha... Charles Dickens' Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays Great Expectations As part of my GCSE coursework I have been asked to analyse the novel ‘Great Expectations’ by Charles Dickens and show how Dickens creates sympathy towards the young character Pip in the extract. Dickens starts the extract by revealing the gloomy and oppressive atmosphere in the residence of Miss Havisham. When Pip arrives at the house of Miss Havisham there is an atmosphere of gloominess which creates sympathy for Pip. ‘No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it’. Pip feels very insecure because he is a young boy in a strange and unfamiliar environment. He is moreover now in the presence of upper class. This also creates sympathy because Pip is from the lower classes and must face the difficulties to unfold with Estella and Miss Havisham. Everything in the house is covered in dust and all the clocks have stopped. Miss Havisham, the upper class lady of the house is dressed in ‘satins, and lace, and silks - all of white’. Everything in this house was once white a long, long time ago but ‘had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow’. This image of Miss Havisha...

Analysis of Literary Elements in Pride and Prejudice

This quote tells the reader that Mr.. Bennett is a multi-characteristic person and than goes on to describe how so. He is a mixture of qualities that all differ from each other such as; humor and reserve. Austin creates this passage to emphasize how versatile Mr.. Bennett can be. This Inclusion of description of Mr.. Bennett also helps the reader understand more about his character and even provide a form of foreshadowing of how he might behave or react in certain situations later in the book. The main purpose of a loose sentence is to create a informal and relaxed tone in a passage.This use of a loose sentence makes the reader feel more unforgettable as they get to know the characters and establishes the book as being a conversational piece. It also presents the tone of this book as being more like a Journal or diary than a formal novel. This example of loose sentence fits Into the books overall style and tone. L Honors English 9- Period 1! 25 August 2014! Literary Analysis #2! â₠¬Å"l would not be so fastidious as you are,† cried Binge, â€Å"for a kingdom! Upon my honor, I never met so many pleasant girls in my life, as I have this evening; are there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty. † (Austin 1 1)!In this passage from Pride and Prejudice, Austin shows contrast between Mr.. Occurs while the characters being foiled, Mr.. Binge and Mr.. Diary, are at a ball and looking for pretty woman to dance with. As Binge finds many of them beautiful, it shows how he is fond of everyone and wants to see the good in them. On the other hand, Diary is more conceited and proud. He is not approving of many people and is quick Judge, resulting in him not dancing. This foiling characterizes the two men so the readers get to know more about who they are. This quote enhances the story by emphasizing the opposition of their character in a elegant language.They both are close friends but view the world differently. As an effect of this foil, the reader gets to understand the characters, their reason for behavior, and understand events that could possibly result because of their personalities later on in the book. Also, the characters get to shine because of how opposite they behave and interact with others. In this context, Mr.. Binge seems a very kind and social person. If Mr.. Diary weren't present to be conceited, Mr.. Binge would come off as an average person. ! Sydney Simpson ! Literary Analysis #3!Elizabeth continued her walk alone, crossing field after field at a quick pace, Jumping over stiles and springing over puddles with impatient activity, and finding herself at last within view of the house, with weary ankles, dirty stockings, and a face glowing with the warmth of exercise. † (Austin 32)! This select quote from Pride and Prejudice exemplifies the literary term imagery very well. Austin uses very detailed words to describe Elizabethan actions and appearances as she attempts to reach the Binge house where Jane reside s. Imagery is a use of vivid language to describe something and create an â€Å"image† in the readers dead.Imagery also awakens the reader's senses to feel, taste, hear, smell, or see what is being described. It is present all throughout Pride and Prejudice. The author uses this to connect the readers to the book. Imagery also helps the reader understand the emotions and thoughts of character by really describing what is happening and how they react in that situation. This quote clearly fits the term because of the texts descriptive voice of how Elizabethan actions convey her emotions. For example, we can see how determined and excited Elizabeth is because it is described so well how she s running to the house despite the rain.When she appears to the door, the Bentleys are appalled to see her in such manner. We as readers understand that because we can picture in our heads exactly what she appears as. ! 26 August 2014! Literary Analysis #4! â€Å"Her performance was pleasing , though by no means capital. † (Austin 25)! ! This quote from Pride and Prejudice uses the literary technique of rhetorical shift. The characteristics of a rhetorical shift include changing the attitude from one to another in a sentence with a conjunction such as but, or, or though.This passage fits refectory because it starts off with a positive attitude towards Charlotte instrumental performance and than shifts the tone to a more negative attitude. We know this because Austin uses the term says â€Å"by no means capital† meaning subpart and not accepted. Using a rhetorical in the text shifts the mood and/or ideas in the passage. In this case, the main idea of the passage before talked about was Mr.. Diary and Charlotte associations with Colonel Forester. Using the rhetorical shift as a transition phrase, the idea's shift to Charlotte performance and her family. Honors English 9- Period 2! 28 August 2014! Literary Analysis #5! â€Å"Other books were produced and afte r some deliberation, he chose Force's Sermons. † (Austin 68)! The literary term allusion is used in this quote from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin. An allusion is addressed to as a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly. In this case, the book Force's Sermon's was referred as a book being read to the Bennett girls by Mr.. Collins, their father's cousin and heir to the Bennett estate. The book teaches of sermons or morals to women written by clergyman James Forced in 1766. Mr..Collins is also a clergyman, or member of the leery in church. This hints at Mr.. Collins want for the Bennett girls to follow the sermons of being proper and lady-like. It makes sense because in this time period, family. Mr.. Collins book choice also reveals more about his character and support of women staying at home. It becomes obvious that the Bennett daughters want more for themselves other than a housewife because Lydia is astonished of his book choice and interrupts him because of disinterest. Mr.. Collins than becomes offended and confesses he is surprised how many women don't follow the sermon when it is there for their benefit. !

Case Study: Managerial Finance Chapter 14

BUS650: Managerial Finance Chapter 14 Closing Case Professor: Darrell Early October 8, 2011 1. If Stephenson wishes to maximize its total market value, would you recommend that it issue debt or equity to finance the land purchase? Explain. If Stephenson wishes to maximize the overall value of the firm, it should use debt to finance the $95 million purchase. Since interest payments are tax deductible, debt in the firm’s capital structure will decrease the firm’s taxable income, creating a tax shield that will increase the overall value of the firm. 2. Construct Stephenson’s market value balance sheet before it announces the purchase.Since Stephenson is an all-equity firm with 15 million shares of common stock outstanding, worth $34. 50 per share, the market value of the firm is: Market value of equity = $34. 50(15,000,000) Market value of equity = $517,500,000 So, the market value balance sheet before the land purchase is: Assets $517,500,000 Debt -Equity $517,500 ,000 Total assets $517,500,000 Debt &Equity $517,500,000 3. Suppose Stephenson decides to issue equity to finance the purchase. a. What is the net present value of the project? As a result of the purchase, the firm’s pre-tax earnings will increase by$23 million per year in perpetuity.These earnings are taxed at a rate of40 percent. Therefore, after taxes, the purchase increases the annual expected earnings of the firm by: Earnings increase = $23,000,000(1– . 40) Earnings increase = $13,800,000 Since Stephenson is an all-equity firm, the appropriate discount rate is the firm’s unlevered cost of equity, so the NPV of the purchase is: NPV= – $95,000,000 + ($13,800,000 / . 125)NPV = $15,400,000 b. Construct Stephenson’s market value balance sheet after it announces that the firm will finance the purchase using equity.What would be the new price per share of the firm’s stock? How many shares will Stephenson need to issue in order to finance the p urchase? After the announcement, the value of Stephenson will increase by $15. 4 million, the net present value of the purchase. Under the efficient-market hypothesis, the market value of the firm’s equity will immediately rise to reflect the NPV of the project. Therefore, the market value of Stephenson’s equity after the announcement will be: Equity Value = $517,500,000 + $15,400,000 Equity Value = $ 532,900,000 Market value balance sheetOld assets $517,500,000Debt NVP of project$15,400,000Equity $532,900,000 Total equity$532,900,000Debt & Equity$532,900,000 Since the market value of the firm’s equity is $532,900. 000 and the firm has 15 million shares of common stock outstanding. Stephenson’s stock price after the announcement will be: New share price: $532,900,000/ $15,000,000 New share price: $35. 53 Since Stephenson must raise $95 million to finance the purchase and the firm’s stock worth $35. 53 per share, Stephanie must issue: Shares to issu e = $95,000,000/$35. 53 Shares to issue = $2,673,797 c.Construct Stephenson’s market value balance sheet after the equity issue, but before the purchase has been made. How many shares of common stock does Stephenson have out- standing? What is the price per share of the firm’s stock? Stephenson will receive $95 million in cash as a result of the equity issue. This will increase the firm’s assets and equity by $95 million. So, the new market value balance sheet after the stock issue will be: Market value balance sheet Cash$95,000,000Debt Old assets$517,500,000Equity$627,900,000 NPV of project$15,400,000 Total Assets$627,900,000Debt & Equity$627,900,000The stock change will remain unchanged. To show this Stephenson will have to: Total shares outstanding = $15,000,000 + 2,673,797 Total shares outstanding = 17,673,797 So the share price is: Share price = $627,900,00/$17,673,797 Share price = $35. 53 d. Construct Stephenson’s market value balance sheet after t he purchase has been made. The market value balance sheet of the company: Old assets $517,500,000Debt Building $95,000,000Equity$627,900,000 NVP of project$15,400,000 Total assets $627,900,000Debt& Equity$627,900,000 4. Suppose Stephenson decides to issue debt in order to finance the purchase. . What will the market value of the Stephenson company be if the purchase is financed with debt? Modilgliani-Miller states that in a world with corporate taxes: Vl = Vu + cB As was shown in question 3, Stephenson will be worth $627. 9 million if it finances the purchase with equity. It is to finance the initial the outlay of the project with debt; the firm would have $95 million. So the value of the company if it financed with debt is: Vl = $627,900,000 + . 40 ($95,000,000) Vl = $665,900,000 b. Construct Stephenson’s market value balance sheet after both the debt issue and the land purchase.What is the price per share of the firm’s stock? After the announcement, the value of Step henson will immediately rise by the percent value of the project. Since the market value of the firms debt is $95 million and the value of the firm is $627. 9 million w can calculate the market value of Stephenson’s equity. Stephenson’s market value balance sheet after the debt issue will be: Value unlevered$627,900,000Debt$95,000,000 Tax sheet$38,000,000Equity$570,900,000 Total assets $665,900,000Debt& Equity$665,900,000 Since the market value of Stephenson’s equity is $570. million and the firm has 15 million shares of common stock outstanding. Stephenson’s stock price after the debt issue will be: Stock Price = $570,900,000/$15,000,000 Stock Price = $38. 06 5. Which method of financing maximizes the per-share stock price of Stephenson’s equity? If Stephenson uses equity in order to finance the project, the firm’s stock price will remain at 35. 53 per share. If the firm uses debt in order to finance the project, the firm’s stock pri ce will rise to $38. 06 per share. There fare, debt financing maximizes the per share stock price of a firm’s equity.

Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain essays

Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain essays Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain Between 1850 and 1928 enfranchisement had grown rapidly. There were many aspects which contributed to the rapid growth of the franchise in Britain: government legislation, changing society, various reform movements, different individuals who worked for reform, the womens right movement, emergence of socialism, a factor which preached equality and finally the Labour Party. Changing society, the period 1867 to 1928 saw a very large change in Britains political identity. The effectiveness of industrialisation and urbanisation were catalysts for social change which transferred the political system from a limited democracy to a modern representative Liberal democracy. This made people fight for justice and equal rights. They began to fight for political, social , economic change through pressure groups like the Independent Labour Party, Woman Social, Political Unions and Trade Unions. People sought social, political and economic change, however reform was not given, therefore it had to be fought for. I think this partly contributed to the widening of the franchise because people now began to want change, they sought for equality and were determined to get it. This encouraged other people, therefore it had a knock on effect on other people. More and more people wanted the right to vote. Another aspect, the Government dreaded the idea of revolution. In 1848 there were plenty of revolutions occurring around the world there was the French revolution, this encouraged ideas to spread. the Government despised this reaction. the French revolution led to an upsurge of interest in reform, however the violence of the French Revolution made the consider enlarging the franchise. The apprehension of the French Revolution saw an greater extend in democratic changes which allowed the expansion of franchise in ...

Eleanor of Aquitaines Children and Grandchildren

Eleanor of Aquitaine's Children and Grandchildren Eleanor of Aquitaine has been called the â€Å"grandmother of Europe† for the connections of her children and grandchildren to many royal houses.   Here are the children and grandchildren of Eleanor of Aquitaine: First Marriage: to Louis VII of France Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 – 1204) married Prince Louis of France, later Louis VII of France (1120 – 1180), on July 25, 1137. Their marriage was annulled in 1152, and Louis maintained custody of their daughters. 1. Marie, Countess of Champagne Marie of France (1145 – 1198) married Henry I (1127 – 1181), Count of Champagne, in 1164.   They had four children.   2. Alix, Countess of Blois Alix of France (1151 – 1197) married Theobold V (1130 – 1191), Count of Blois, in 1164.   They had seven children. More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaines Children and Grandchildren: Her First Marriage Second Marriage: Henry II of England After Eleanor of Aquitaine’s first marriage was annulled, she married Henry FitzEmpress (1133 – 1189), later Henry II of England. 1. William IX, Count of Poitiers William IX (1153 – 1156), Count of Poitiers 2. Henry the Young King Henry (1155 – 1183) the Young King married Margaret of France (betrothed November 2, 1160, married August 27, 1172).   Her father was Louis VII of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine’s first husband, and her mother was Louis’ second wife, Constance of Castile; Henry and Margaret shared two older half-sisters, Marie and Alix. After Henry’s death she married Bela III of Hungary in 1186. William of England (1177 – 1177), born premature, died three days after birth 3. Matilda, Duchess of Saxony and of Bavaria Matilda (1156 – 1189) of England, married as his second wife, Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and of Bavaria. Their children lived in England after their father was deposed in 1180 until their mother’s death; William, the youngest child, was born in that exile period. More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Descendants Through Matilda, Duchess of Saxony 4. Richard I of England Richard I (1157 – 1199) of England, married Berengaria of Navarre (1170 – 1230); they had no children 5. Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany Geoffrey II (1158 – 1186), Duke of Brittany, married Constance, Duchess of Brittany (1161 – 1201) in 1181. More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Descendants Through Geoffrey II of Brittany 6. Eleanor, Queen of Castile Eleanor (1162 – 1214) of England married Alfonso VIII (1155 – 1214), King of Castile, in 1177 More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Descendants Through Eleanor, Queen of Castille 7. Joan, Queen of Sicily Joan (1165 – 1199) of England, married first William II (1155 – 1189) of Sicily in 1177, then married, as his fifth of six wives, Raymond VI (1156 – 1222) of Toulouse in 1197. More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Descendants Through Joan, Queen of Sicily 8. John of England John (1166 – 1216) of England, known as John Lackland, married first Isabella (~1173 – 1217), Countess of Gloucester, in 1189 (betrothed 1176, annulled 1199, she married twice more), then second, in 1200, Isabella (~1188 – 1246), Countess of Angoulà ªme (she remarried after John’s death). More details and generations: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Descendants Through John, King of England Two of Eleanors Ancestors (Grandchildren / Great-Grandchildren) were canonized as saints in the Roman Catholic Church:   Ferdinand II, King of Castile and Leà ³n, Isabelle of France The Royal Houses Listed here are some of the descendants of Eleanor of Aquitaine children, grandchildren and great grandchildren only who were kings, queens, empresses (the women usually as consorts though a few ruled in their own right): England: Henry the Young King, Richard I of England, John of England, Eleanor Fair Maid of Brittany was for a time proposed as the rightful ruler of England, Henry III of England. Edward I of England France: Blanche of Castile, Queen of France, Louis IX of France Spain (Castile, Leon, Aragon): Eleanor, Queen of Castile, Ferdinand II, King of Castile and Leà ³n, Berengaria, Queen of Castile and Leà ³n (ruled Castile briefly in her own right), Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Henry of Castile Portugal: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal, Sancho II of Portugal, Afonso III of Portugal Scotland: Joan of England, Queen of Scotland, Margaret of England, Queen of Scotland Other: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, Isabella of England, Holy Roman Empress, Charles I of Sicily, Marie of Champagne, Empress of Constantinople, Alice of Champagne, Queen of Cyprus, Berengaria of Leà ³n, Queen of Jerusalem, Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark, Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales More About Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine BiographySiblings of Eleanor of Aquitaine

Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Plan - Assignment Example It is projected that the company can be able to fulfil its predetermined business targets by following the aforementioned aspects at large. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction and Background of the Venture and Management Team 4 Background of the Venture 5 Management Team 5 Main Objective of the Proposed Business Plan 6 Marketing Section – Including Market Research & the Marketing Mix 7 Market Research 7 Marketing Mix 9 Competition 13 Operations Section - Including Manufacturing & Physical Distribution 15 Manufacturing 15 Physical Distribution 19 Financial Section 22 Source of Finance 22 Financial Goals 22 Income Statement 23 24 Projected Profit & Loss 25 Break-Even Analysis 25 Implementation Time Table 26 Conclusion 27 References 29 Introduction and Background of the Venture and Management Team A business plan is often regarded as a crucial step for an entrepreneur intending to inaugurate a new business venture or expand the existing business unit at a newly loc ated marketplace. It essentially plays the role of a guide to the various operations of the organisation within the marketplace (Tiffany & Peterson, 2011). In order to demonstrate a viable business structure, the business plan reflects a clear depiction of the business including its offerings, sales and marketing strategies, information of management groups and their roles along with making a prediction of the financial forecast for succeeding few years that the organisation will take into concern (Analoui & Karami, 2003). Moreover, in order to demonstrate the viability of the overall business design, it is also important for the organisation to identify the specific market for the products and services, find out the competitive advantages as well as to evaluate the cost and profit margins of the business (GRANT finder Ltd., n.d.). With regard to the notion of business plan, the primary objective of this study is to prepare an effective business plan for XYZ Company concerning the p ractice of manufacturing and marketing of electronic dash duster product especially for the car care and aftermarket accessories segment in Australia. Background of the Venture XYZ Company intends to commence its business operations as a small competitive car care product manufacturer in Australia. The company would aim to perform a competitive role in the Australian car care product market through rendering a range of innovative and creative products to the customers. Moreover, the company would also like to build a respected position through its exceptional marketing and promotional campaigns which further would enable the company to execute its activities efficiently in the respective industry. The business processes of the company will be highly focused on manufacturing innovative car care products which would offer substantial benefits for the customers. Moreover, the manufacturing process of XYZ would be focused on providing adequate facilities to its ultimate customers in ter ms of maintaining their cars in an efficient manner. Management Team XYZ aims to establish itself as a pioneer in the field of innovative product offerings in the Australian car care aftermarket industry. The company will be incorporated with the aid of a well-built management team with a feasible number of staff in its different